Scoliosis Surgery

Some patients with scoliosis will need surgery to correct particularly severe spinal curvature associated with the condition, or to foster healthy growth of the spine for younger patients.

There are many possible reasons that surgery may be recommended for an individual. These include:

Curve affects ability to breath normally
Curve interferes with care of patients with spina bifida or cerebral palsy
High likelihood of progression
Cosmetically unacceptable spinal curve

Surgery is usually able to correct the curvature of the spine significantly, but it is rare for the spine to become completely straight as a result of the surgery.

Surgery in Young Children

For children less than ten years of age – before they have reached the growth spurt prior to puberty – surgery involving the insertion of growing rods may be beneficial. These rods are designed to control the growth of the spine and correct future growth to minimise curvature. The initial procedure is usually conducted in day or overnight surgery, and the rods are inserted by way of a small incision.

A specialist will be then required to monitor the growth of the child two to three times a year and lengthen the rods as needed to support the child’s growing spine. The lengthening process can be very simple, especially if magnets are used to extend the rods, without the need for internal procedures.

It is usually recommended that children with growth rods wear a brace to help protect the rods and provide further support to their spine. When the child stops grow at approximately 16-17 years of age, the rods can be removed entirely. In some cases, growth rods are sufficient as the sole surgery to support spinal growth but other patients will require corrective spinal fusion therapy.

Spinal Fusion

Spinal fusion is the most common surgery for patients with scoliosis that have finished growing and involves a graft of bone onto the spinal vertebrae that eventually heal together to form a solid, rigid mass of bone. Although this process may restrict the movement of the spine, it prevents the curvature from becoming worse and may correct severe cases.

There are two main techniques that may be used: anterior fusion provides access to the spine via an incision on the side of the chest wall, and posterior fusion utilises an incision on the back and metal instruments for the curve correction. The bone graft can be attached to the spine with a combination of metal rods, screws, hooks and wires, which is left in place permanently.

This is a major surgery that can take several hours and usually requires intensive care in the recovery period. It can take several weeks for patients to return to acceptable physical standards to go back to school. Non-contact sports can be recommenced approximately eight weeks after the surgery and contact sports should be avoid for up to a year.

There are several risks that are associated with spinal fusion therapy, which include:

Bleeding – patients may require a blood transfusion
Infection – patients may require antibiotic treatment
Movement of implant – patients may require correctional surgery
Failure of graft to fuse – patients may require correctional surgery
Spinal nerve damage – patients may experience permanent nervous symptoms including incontinence and numbness or paralysis of the legs

As with any treatment option, it is critical to consider the specific risks and benefits for each individual patient in order to guide the decision of whether to undertake surgery.

References

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Scoliosis/Pages/Treatment.aspx
http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Scoliosis/scoliosis_ff.asp
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/190940.php
http://www.medtronic.com/patients/scoliosis/device/index.htm

Surgery in Young Children

Spinal Fusion

References

Further Reading

Yolanda Smith