Long-term injectables plus counseling improve medication adherence in bipolar disorder patients

Researchers have found that adherence to taking medications improved in people with bipolar disorder with the use of long-term injectable meds combined with psychosocial intervention.

The research results from University Hospitals (UH) Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine appear in the September 16, 2021 issue of the journal the Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders.

Poor medication adherence is widely prevalent in people with bipolar disorder and is often associated with negative outcomes. A growing body of literature focuses on clinical approaches to address poor adherence that may lead to substantial outcome improvements for this group of people."

Martha Sajatovic MD, Study Lead Author and Director, Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, CWRU School of Medicine

Martha Sajatovic is also the director at UH Cleveland Medical Center.

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

The study enrolled 30 people with bipolar disorder who had adherence problems. More than 20 percent of them reported missing their bipolar medication in the past week or month when initially screened.

For the study, the participants were given the long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic medication aripiprazole, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of bipolar disorder.

"However, in spite of the adherence advantages for long-acting injectable meds, simply switching individuals to them may not be enough to sustain long-term behavioral change," said Dr. Sajatovic. "Our pilot trial combined the LAI with a brief behavioral approach called customized adherence enhancement (CAE). Together we called them CAE-L to assess the effects on adherence, bipolar disorder symptoms, and functional status," she said.

CAE was delivered by a trained social worker following a detailed curriculum and delivered in the same clinical visit when the patients came in for their medication. According to Dr. Sajatovic, barriers to adherence could consist of multiple components, including a lack of education about the medications; communication issues with providers; strategies to enhance medication routines, and substance abuse issues.

The CAE is a brief, practical intervention program designed to address an individual's specific adherence barriers. Each module could be combined with other modules as determined by a screening assessment. For this study, CAE was delivered in seven sessions (an initial baseline session, followed by one each month for the six months of the study).

The medication was also administered once a month for six months. Participants also continued other maintenance treatments such as mood-stabilizing drugs (lithium, valproate, or lamotrigine), or antidepressants, and hypnotic drugs for sleep prescribed for at least one month prior to enrollment.

"Overall, our findings suggest that a personalized intervention to address adherence barriers combined with LAI can significantly improve outcomes in high-risk individuals with bipolar disorder," said Dr. Sajatovic.

At the end of the six months, self-reported adherence behaviors improved. Adherence remained steady and bipolar symptoms improved.

CAE-L was associated with excellent adherence to LAI (100 percent of individuals received injection within one week of the scheduled time), compared with initial screening where individuals missed a mean of 50.1 percent of prescribed oral medication in the past week and 40.6 percent of medication in the past month.

The proportion of missed medications in the past week from screen to 24 weeks significantly improved from 50.1 percent to 16.9 percent, and past month improved from 40.6 percent to 19.2 percent.

From baseline to week 24, there were significant decreases in bipolar disorder symptoms and global psychopathology. Functioning was significantly improved from baseline to week 24. Participants also found CAE intervention was highly acceptable.

The study's limitations include small sample size, no control group for comparison, and all patients coming from a single hospital site. An additional limitation is that adherence was based on self-report, which has potential to undercount missed medication. Twenty-one completed the trial out of the initial 30 who started (nine participants dropped out of the study early for various reasons).